In ancient China, the wearing of jade was especially important among the royal family and the official family. They were not only a symbol of wealth and status, but also a legacy of status and rights.
The ultra-luxury jade of the ancients
Nowadays, people's accessories are more and more exaggerated, gorgeous and dazzling. However, the extra-luxury accessories will be bleak in the face of a set of Jin Guoyu in 3,000 years ago.
Quwo Jinhou Cemetery In the "Royal Cemetery" of the early Jin Dynasty, there was the only tomb of the second lady. In the tomb, the largest jade ritual combination of the entire cemetery was discovered—a set of ultra-luxury combination of more than 2 meters, which consists of jade, jade, red teeth, jade tube, material beads, agate tube, etc. A total of 204 pieces of precious jade ornaments are made in series. The craftsmanship is exquisite, solemn and elegant, and it is amazing. The number of jade in the group is only 45. It can be said that it has pushed the shape of the jade in the history of China to the extreme, and has been rated as a national treasure by the archaeological community.
What kind of second lady is this, not only can I bury the Jinhou cemetery, but also have such a luxurious funerary? The mysterious identity of this second lady, this set of jade ornaments that witnessed the love of the millennium, was especially favored by Chinese and foreign tourists who came to visit the Shanxi Museum.
The jade group of the Western Zhou Dynasty
This set of sets is based on 45 pieces of jade, and is the most popular group of people who have seen so far.
In the Western Zhou Dynasty about 3000 years ago, the aristocrats began to prevail in a series of pieces of jade that were composed of several pieces of jade in series and hung on the body. Today we call it "Jade Group Pei". The jade group pays attention to the symmetry and harmony of the color and form of jade, and is designed according to personal hobbies. This complete set of jade group can be said to be the most characteristic jade in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
In a general sense, any jade that is composed of two or more jade articles (pieces) can be called "group", also known as "missing". The earliest group of accessories, it is about 18,000 years ago, the Beijing cave people made a series of stone beads, bone beads, animal teeth, sea shells and other drills. The jade group of the Dawenkou culture has been found more, and the Liangzhu culture group is more refined. These groups are probably used more as items.
There was a larger group in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the size of the composition was different depending on the period and level. The group found in Zhuyuangou, Baoji, Shaanxi is mainly composed of a pipa, with beads and tubes. The group of the tombs of Changjia Zhangjiapo No. 58 is mainly composed of three scorpions, and many beads and tubes are connected. The composition of the tomb No. 31 is based on the six hexagrams and the multiple pieces of beads. The tomb of No. 2001 in the cemetery of the Shangyu Country in Sanmenxia, ​​Henan Province, also found a group of seven 璜 as the main body and a number of beads. The national treasures of the cultural relics that are now in the Shanxi Museum and the tomb of No. 91 in the Quwo Jinhou Cemetery in Shanxi Province are mainly composed of Wuyi, and they are connected to each other. So far, the largest Western Zhou group that has been discovered is this one. This group is mainly composed of 45 pieces of jade, which is the most popular group of jade in the group.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, in order to facilitate the movement of the wearer, the combination of Yuji Pei tends to be simple, and the large jade group has quickly withdrawn from the historical stage after a flash in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Jade and politics ---
The group is a kind of order concept, and the ruler uses jade to be respectful and strict.
At that time, Yuji Pei was a combination of jade with political, moral and superstitious colors. Yuxi, Yuhuan, Yulong, Yuxi and Yuguan were all part of the group jade.
The large-scale structure matches the complex composition, which is the clothing of the nobles who express their status and power. From the group of unearthed from the tombs, the higher the status of the tomb owner, the more complicated the structure of the group and the longer the length. This method of jade is the performance of the Western Zhou Dynasty with jade. Groups embody a variety of unity, form and order, the essence is "rite", but also a concept of order, such as the use of jade by the ruler, is different according to its status, official level, identity, respect and respect The standard is strict.
Although the types, colors and sizes of jade used in "Zhou Li" may not be the same as archaeological discoveries, it can be seen from the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty that Yu Yu has entered politicization, institutionalization and The ceremonial track. Large-scale grouping includes cultural features in this area.
In addition, the original meaning of the "ritual" in the Western Zhou Dynasty is also "harmony." For example, "Yi Zhou Shu·Tong Xun Jie": "The public is not and not the town, and the non-center is not standing, the Chinese and African are not careful, the ceremony is not happy." The organic combination between the many ornaments in the group is also this The embodiment of the "harmony" and "neutralization" ideas. The inner beauty of the group is reflected by the complexity of the unity of opposites in its structure.
Jade wares in Jinhou cemetery ---
There are thousands of jade artifacts unearthed in the Jinhou cemetery, not only the largest number, but also the most beautifully produced.
Since 1992, the Zhao Jinhou cemetery in Quwo North of Shanxi Province has successively excavated 9 groups of 19 Jinhou and his wife's tombs. From the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period, thousands of jade artifacts were unearthed. There are also etiquette jade and jade for funeral.
The etiquette jade has jade, jade, jade, jade, jade, jade and so on. One of the animal face jade, with the four corners as the central axis engraved with the abstract animal face pattern, the animal face is decorated with clouds and thunder, and the Liangzhu culture legacy is faintly visible. The jade wares and patterns are imitations from bronze and are the first to be discovered. The jade is dark green, with a small mouth and round belly, and the shoulders are decorated with phoenix birds. The upper ventral embossed fire pattern has a four-petal pattern, and the lower abdomen is decorated with triangular lobes. The height is only 6.2 cm.
Unearthed from the cemetery of Jinhou, there is also an ritual soldier used for ceremonial ceremonies. It is 56 cm long and has teeth on the crotch. The four-character inscription on the inside of the 邑 伯 伯 弓 bow is precious. Another person in the same tomb, the first god animal, Yu Ge, long aids the ridge, both sides of the interior are decorated with a side of the human god animal pattern. This Ge is well-made, the theme of the beast is very different, the ornamentation is deep and fine, and the carving technique is superb. It is a rare jade ornament. Most of the jade shapes unearthed from the Jinhou cemetery are small, and are often used in combination with other accessories.
The jade jade excavated in the Jinhou cemetery is not only the largest but also the most beautifully produced. Like jade, such as jade, dragon, tiger, bear, horse, cow, sheep, deer, monkey, bird, eagle, dragonfly, dragonfly, dragonfly, silkworm, snake, turtle, fish, etc., rich in subject matter, variety, style Vivid and interesting. Such as Yu Liren, hair accessories are composed of double dragon patterns, jade people round face, thick eyebrows big eyes, wide nose flat mouth. Dressed in a high-necked blouse, the right side of the collar is short, with a cross-slanted plaid, a waist, a trapezoidal skirt, an arrow-shaped knee-shaped front, and a cross-slanted plaid around the waist and skirt. The round jade horse is static standing, and the overall shape is quite anatomical. The body of the horse is expressed by double hook-yellow lines, and the pattern is engraved and soft.
Witness love for three thousand years
What kind of second lady is this, not only can I bury the Jinhou cemetery, but also have such a luxurious funerary?
In the "Royal Cemetery" of the early Jin Dynasty in the Quwo Jinhou cemetery, nine groups of 19 Jinhou and his wife's tombs, except for the only one tomb of the second lady, were monogamous. The 62nd, 63rd, and 64th tombs are the only forms of commemorative tombs in the Jinhou cemetery. The tomb of No. 64 is Jin Muhou, and the tombs 62 and 63 are the tombs of his wife and the second wife.
In this tomb of the second lady, archaeologists discovered the largest jade ritual combination in the entire cemetery—the jade group that is more than 2 meters long and super-luxury. The complexity of the whole set of jade structure, the combination of regularity and exquisite decoration make it impossible for the main person to wear it when he wears it.
The owner of this national treasure is a mysterious woman buried in the "Royal Cemetery" of Jin. In the Western Zhou Dynasty where she lives, the level is clear and ruthless. However, she was the only person in the Jinhou cemetery who was buried in the cemetery of the prince. There are more than 4,280 pieces of funerary objects in the tomb of this second lady, and there are only more than 800 pieces of jade articles. Even Yu Ge, which was a symbol of power at that time, has 12 pieces. Such a funeral scale, even his tomb Jun Jinhou's tombs are also inferior.
Among the rich funerary objects, this set of Yuji Pei, which is more than 2 meters long, is the largest jade ritual combination unearthed in the entire cemetery. From the inscription on a pair of copper pots with funerary objects, archaeologists discovered the name "Yang" and speculated that Yang might be the tomb owner - the second wife of Muhou. According to the grammatical habits of the time, this may be a woman surnamed Yang from the country to Jin.
In the well-ranked Western Zhou patriarchal society, why does a second lady have so many high-level funerary objects? Such a luxurious funerary object makes us wonder: what kind of second lady is not only buried in the Jinhou cemetery, but also has such a luxurious funerary object. Until now, this is still a mystery...
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